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Programming early computers meant using an arcane "machine code" specific to each computer. IBM programmer John Backus found a better solution. In 1957, he and his team produced the ...
{"id":76,"is_published":true,"is_wizard_completed":true,"user":{"id":1,"name":"Historio"},"category":"IBM 100","bucket":{"id":76,"label":"The Punched Card Tabulator","description":"In the late 1880s, Herman Hollerith, a young technical whiz at the US Census Bureau, had an idea for a machine that could count and sort census results far faster than human clerks. The bureau funded Hollerith's work, and the first tabulating machines helped count the 1890 census, saving the bureau several years' work and more than US$5 million. Hollerith left the bureau to form the Tabulating Machine Company leasing his system to other countries' census offices and then to businesses such as railroads and retailers. Hollerith had little competition, and his machines and punched cards became the standard for the industry. In 1911, financier Charles Flint bought the Tabulating Machine Company and merged it with the International Time Recording Company and the Computing Scale Company of America to form the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company, or C-T-R, later renamed IBM.\u0118","rh_time":{"start":"1890-01-01T00:00:00Z","end":"2001-12-31T23:59:59Z","start_granularity":"Year","end_granularity":"Year","start_timex":"1890","end_timex":"2001","id":76,"timex":null,"is_interval":null},"depth":0,"accounts":[{"id":94,"event_id":94,"title":"The punch card machine","description":null,"location":null,"rh_time":{"start":"2001-01-01T00:00:00Z","end":"2001-12-31T23:59:59Z","start_granularity":"Year","end_granularity":"Year","start_timex":"2001","end_timex":"2001","id":194,"timex":"during 2001","is_interval":true},"media":[],"history_id":76,"user":{"id":1,"name":"Historio"}},{"id":93,"event_id":93,"title":"Electricity Company Amsterdam (Elektriciteitsbedrijf Amsterdam) uses punch cards for its administrative processes, first of its kind project World Wide","description":null,"location":null,"rh_time":{"start":"1930-01-01T00:00:00Z","end":"1930-12-31T23:59:59Z","start_granularity":"Year","end_granularity":"Year","start_timex":"1930","end_timex":"1930","id":193,"timex":"during 1930","is_interval":true},"media":[],"history_id":76,"user":{"id":1,"name":"Historio"}},{"id":92,"event_id":92,"title":"Philips (Royal Philips Electronics) installs and uses first 80 columns Hollerith machine in Europe","description":null,"location":null,"rh_time":{"start":"1920-01-01T00:00:00Z","end":"1920-12-31T23:59:59Z","start_granularity":"Year","end_granularity":"Year","start_timex":"1920","end_timex":"1920","id":192,"timex":"during 1920","is_interval":true},"media":[],"history_id":76,"user":{"id":1,"name":"Historio"}},{"id":91,"event_id":91,"title":"Hollerith Machine","description":"The U.S. Census Bureau contracts to use Herman Hollerith's punch card tabulating technology on the 1890 census, reducing a 10-year process to two years and saving the government $5 million. 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In the late 1880s, Herman Hollerith, a young technical whiz at the US Census Bureau, had an idea for a machine that could count and sort census results far faster than human clerks. ...
